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1. Zero trust (ZT) is the term for an evolving set of cybersecurity paradigms that move defenses from static, network- based perimeters to focus on users, assets, and resources. A zero trust architecture (ZTA) uses zero trust principles to plan industrial and enterprise infrastructure and workflows.
2. A trusted network is a network of devices that are connected to each other, open only to authorized users, and allows for only secure data to be transmitted. Tom had recently graduated with a.

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CommonTrust Network PrinciplesThe Common Trust Network is vendor and technology agnostic and is guided by a commitment to the following core design principles:Openness & Interoperability: based on international standards and open technologies and interoperable across countries and regions.Transparency: operated in an open and transparent.

This proposal for a 'web of trust' is inspired by the mailing list thread that began with this posting by Jimbo Wales and was started by Pcb21 on 17 February 2004. Its implementation in the German Wikipedia as Wikipedia:Vertrauensnetz was started by Sansculotte and Elian on 23 July 2004. This proposed system for the English Wikipedia shares the three key ideas of Vertrauensnetz: giving users a formal way of declaring their confidence in other users, a way of seeing which users have declared their trust of a particular user, and the resulting structure of trust-relationships formed between all users (see below). The key differences between the inactive system and the presently proposed are that the inactive system relied upon the editing of a centrally-stored table and allowed formal expressions of distrust.

In March 2005 it was started on Meta as m:Web of trust and m:Vertrauensnetz by Arnomane.

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The web of trust is neither a popularity contest nor a measurement or assessment of an editor's trustworthiness or value.^[1] However, it provides an additional piece of information that may be useful when coming across another user for the first time. The Wikipedia user base is so large that two well-established and respected editors, concentrating on different areas of Wikipedia, may have no contact between each other for some time. Reading an editor's user page, browsing through their contributions, and reading the threads in their talk are valuable but time-consuming methods of getting to know someone. Discovering that several reputable users, or users that you have particular regard for, have expressed their trust in an editor is a strong indicator of that editor's value to Wikipedia. However, the sheer number of editors who trust a user should not be taken as a clear measurement of that user's trustworthiness: the fact that a user is trusted by dozens of suspected sockpuppets would only harm their reputation.

There are a variety of reasons to express trust in another user: you may have worked together on a proposal or article, reviewed many of their edits in articles on your watchlist, or know them personally. Liking another user should not generally be enough; trusting somebody requires being confident that their contributions are civil, constructive and of generally high quality. It is important that the trust network does not just become a popularity contest, and that the lack of an explicit statement of trust should never be interpreted as a statement of distrust. Additionally, it would be wise to consider carefully any thoughts of writing explicit statements of distrust, bearing in mind the no personal attacks policy.

Using the features of the trust network[edit]

To see who trusts a user[edit]

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Go to Special:Whatlinkshere/User:Example user/Trusted by, where Example user is the user being considered. Alternatively, use {{trust}} with the username to produce Example user (talk • contribs • trusts • trusted by), which provides direct links to lists of other users who trust that user, and also the contributors that user trusts.

To assert trust in other users[edit]

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1. Make a /Trust subpage of your userpage, e.g. User:Example user/Trust
2. Include the {{Trust network}} template, writing {{Trust network|Example user}} where 'Example user' is your username.
3. After that, make a list of Wikipedians that you trust, making use of the template {{I trust|User name|Reason (optional)}} – for an example, see User:TheGrappler/Trust.

Applications[edit]

The network can help to reveal the extent to which Wikipedia contributors are trusted by their peers. This information might serve several purposes: for instance, as an indicator when considering to what extent the Wikipedia content added by a user can be trusted, when taking part in recent changes patrol, or when considering a request for adminship.

The network itself can be analysed using a trust metric to rate individual users. There are very many different ways to do this, which will produce quite different results, and it is important to note that no metric is endorsed by this proposal. The simplest trust metric is to count the number of users who trust the rated user, but this system is vulnerable to attack (for instance, the use of sockpuppet accounts to trust oneself). Another is to count how many links there are in the chain of trust between yourself and another user: if I trust A, who trusts B, who trusts C, and this is the shortest path from myself to C, then C is three links away from me. I might decide that I explicitly trust anybody one link away from me, and implicitly trust anybody up to three links away. This is very different to the previous case: the measurement is personal, not absolute, and will not be affected by sock puppetry.

More advanced metrics, most famously Advogato's innovative trust metric, are attack-resistant, but may require a core 'seed' of users trusted by the metric itself. Different choices for this seeding will produce different results, and different users will decide on completely distinct seed choices: there is therefore no prospect of this producing an official editor rating system through Wikipedia using this system.

Potential for misuse[edit]

Declarations of trust should be limited to users the declarer has high confidence in, but not necessarily all those that they like or agree with. Since 'who trusts you?' is more important than 'how many people trust you?' there is little point in creating sock puppets to declare trust in yourself. It would not be appropriate to make statements of trust as part of deals, either for tit-for-tat recognition or for a favour elsewhere. Again, since it is unlikely that anybody offering such an arrangement is a respected member of the community, there is little benefit in having that person declare their trust in you. It is important to remember that the trust network is not a popularity contest, and so there is no need to actively seek out declarations of trust. The fact that another user has not made a declaration of trust in your favour is by no means a declaration of distrust.

A web of trust should not be overly relied upon. Naturally, new but excellent contributors will take time to be integrated into the web. Neither does the web document even widespread distrust of a user. For this reason, it will always be important to peruse user and user talk pages, as well as an editor's contributions, when trying to find out about a user you have recently encountered.

Structure of the network[edit]

Strictly speaking, the 'web of trust' is actually a directed graph rather than a network. The nodes are individual users, with the relationship 'User X trusts User Y' resulting in an edge directed from User X's node to User Y's. The web of trust can therefore be analysed using graph theory: a copy of the entire web of trust could be extracted from Wikipedia for this purpose.

Notes[edit]

1. ^The web consists simply of a collection of trust-relationships: it measures nothing. However, this information could be extracted from Wikipedia and analysed, in many different ways, to produce 'trust values' for individual users. The results will vary depending on which trust metric is used, and none is officially endorsed. See the applications section for more information.

Zero trust networks (also, zero trust network architecture, zero trust security model, ZTA, ZTNA), in the field of Information Technology (IT) describes an approach to the design and implementation of IT networks. The main concept behind zero trust is that networked devices, such as laptops, should not be trusted by default, even if they are connected to a managed corporate network such as the corporate LAN and even if they were previously verified. In most modern enterprise environments, corporate networks consist of many interconnected segments, cloud-based services and infrastructure, connections to remote and mobile environments, and increasingly connections to non-conventional IT, such as IoT devices. The once traditional approach of trusting devices within a notional corporate perimeter, or devices connected to it via a VPN, makes less sense in such highly diverse and distributed environments. Instead, the zero trust networking approach advocates checking the identity and integrity of devices irrespective of location, and providing access to applications and services based on the confidence of device identity and device health in combination with user authentication.

Background[edit]

Many of the concepts supporting zero trust are not new. The challenges of defining the perimeter to an organisation's IT systems was highlighted by the Jericho Forum in 2003, discussing the trend of what was then coined de-perimiterisation. In 2009, Google implemented a zero trust architecture referred to as BeyondCorp, part influenced by an open-source access control project.^[1] The term zero trust has been attributed to John Kindervag, an industry analyst at Forrester, whose reporting and analysis helped crystallize zero trust concepts across IT communities. However, it would take almost a decade for zero trust architectures to become prevalent, driven in part by increased adoption of mobile and cloud services.

By middle of 2014, Gianclaudio Moresi, a Swiss security engineer, designed the first system using the principle of a series circuit of firewalls in order to protect any client from new dangerous viruses (Zero Day Protection with Zero Trust Network). The new architecture based on Untrust-Untrust Network was published at the Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property on 20 February 2015.^[2]

By 2019, the UK National Technical Authority, the National Cyber Security Centre were recommending that network architects consider a zero trust approach for new IT deployments, particularly where significant use of cloud services is planned.^[3] By 2020 the majority of leading IT platform vendors, as well as cyber security providers, have well-documented examples of zero trust architectures or solutions. This increased popularization has in-turn created a range of definitions of zero trust, requiring a level of standardization by recognized authorities such as NCSC and NIST.

Principles definitions[edit]

From late 2018, work undertaken in the U.S. by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and National Cyber Security Center of Excellence (NCCoE) cyber security researchers led to A NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-207, Zero Trust Architecture.^[4][5] The publication defines zero trust (ZT) as a collection of concepts and ideas designed to reduce the uncertainty in enforcing accurate, per-request access decisions in information systems and services in the face of a network viewed as compromised. A zero trust architecture (ZTA) is an enterprise’s cyber security plan that utilizes zero trust concepts and encompasses component relationships, workflow planning, and access policies. Therefore, a zero trust enterprise is the network infrastructure (physical and virtual) and operational policies that are in place for an enterprise as a product of a zero trust architecture plan.

An alternative but consistent approach is taken by NCSC,^[3] in identifying the key principles behind zero trust architectures:

1. Single strong source of user identity
2. User authentication
3. Machine authentication
4. Additional context, such as policy compliance and device health
5. Authorization policies to access an application
6. Access control policies within an application

References[edit]

1. ^cogolabs/beyond, Cogo Labs, 2020-08-21, retrieved 2020-08-25
2. ^G.C.Moresi, Architecture for a secure connection between a client and a server (Untrust-Untrust) Patent Nr. CH 710 768 A2, 20 February 2015
3. ^ ^ab'Network architectures'. www.ncsc.gov.uk. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
4. ^'Zero Trust Architecture | NCCoE'. www.nccoe.nist.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
5. ^Rose, Scott; Borchert, Oliver; Mitchell, Stu; Connelly, Sean. 'Zero Trust Architecture'(PDF). nvlpubs.nist.gov. NIST. Retrieved 17 October 2020.

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